Eunomia is a semi-annual scientific journal dedicated to ‘Sustainable Development’ and is open to researchers and students. It will publish research results and papers on sustainable development relevant to the technical and social science fields. The journal will be published in both hard copy and electronic formats. The Editorial Office accepts scientific articles, reviews, opinions and crtiques in special editions, messages and technical notes in Polish and English. Material will be published under the following section headings: technical, humanistic, social, cultural-literary, international and student. All articles approved for publication by the Editorial Office will be published free of charge on open access. Publication criteria will follow standards set by the Open Access Journals Catalog (DOAJ) and Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA). Articles submitted to the journal will be reviewed by domestic and foreign reviewers specializing in technical sciences, humanities and social sciences. The detailed review procedures used by the Editorial Office is available on the website. A list of reviewers cooperating with the Journal will be published annually.
Wydawnictwo Akademii Nauk Stosowanych w Raciborzu
RECENZJA MONOGRAFII GABRIELI KAPICY „DZIECIĘCA ENIGMISTYKA W PROCESIE WSPIERANIA TWÓRCZYCH ZDOLNOŚCI JĘZYKOWYCH MŁODSZYCH UCZNIÓW”
Monografia pt. „Dziecięca enigmistyka w procesie wspierania twórczych zdolności językowych młodszych uczniów” stanowi rezultat całożyciowej pasji naukowej i pedagogicznej jej Autorki, Profesor Gabrieli Kapicy. Profesor jest znana z wielu publikacji o dziecięcej zabawie, rozrywce umysłowej i enigmistyce. W publikacji dokonuje swoistego, wartościowego podsumowania swoich wieloletnich poszukiwań badawczych w zakresie zabawy w powiązaniu z dziecięcą enigmistyką. W sześciu częściach przedstawia różne, bardzo interesujące rozważania teoretyczne, wyniki badań oraz konkretne sposoby pracy z zagadkami traktowanymi jako zabawy słowem z dziećmi w młodszym wieku szkolnym.
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Któż z nas nie śledził wiadomości 25 czerwca 2025 roku! W tym dniu na pokładzie Axiom Mission 4 dr Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski jako drugi Polak (po Mirosławie Hermaszewskim w 1978 roku) poleciał w kosmos wraz z trojgiem innych astronautów, 15 lipca kapsuła Dragon Grace szczęśliwie przywiozła załogę Ax-4 na Ziemię. Można ubolewać, że waga (a nawet powaga) naukowej misji dra Uznańskiego-Wiśniewskiego nie do końca przebiła się w mediach, dla których rzetelna popularyzacja nauki to coraz bardziej trudny, by nie rzec – obcy temat. Ale przy tej okazji dużo częściej pojawiały się pytania o to, kiedy ludzie wyruszą jeszcze dalej w kosmos i jak można byłoby to zrobić.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT OF THE MAIN NEWS RELEASES OF SELECTED TV STATIONS ON 13.12.2025
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main news programs of five television stations: TVP, Trwam, Republika, Polsat and TVN. On each channel, the first 10 minutes of the program from December 13, 2025 were analyzed. This particular date is a special anniversary of two important events: the swearing-in of the government and the declaration of martial law, which allows for an examination of which situation is more important to Poles. Particular attention was paid to the way news is presented, selection and hierarchy in presenting individual topics in the context of their politicization. The results of the analysis show mixed results and bias, but most attention is devoted to everyday matters for Poles.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT IN THE MAIN NEWS EDITIONS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TV STATIONS ON THE 44TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MARTIAL LAW IN POLAND
This article compares media coverage of the 44th anniversary of the imposition of martial law in the main news broadcasts of five television stations: TVP, TVN, Polsat, TV Trwam, and TV Republika. Attention is paid to the selection of topics, the tone of the narrative, the presence of public commentary, and the emotional tone of the coverage. The analysis demonstrates the diversity of editorial approaches and the media's influence on the reception of historical events.
DESCRIPTION OF INFORMATION TRANSMITTED BY SELECTED TV STATIONS ON 13.12.2025
The article describes and analyzes the presentation, narrative, and order of the most important information from five television stations: Polsat, Telewizja Trwam, TVP, TVN, and Republika. We focused on the analysis of the first ten minutes of the broadcast, from December 13, 2025. The broadcast differed depending on the TV station selected. Attention was paid to what messages were conveyed to the recipients, and in what order. It was also important how individual stations approached the topic of the anniversary of the introduction of martial law. The work showed that the messages differed not only in which information was presented first, but also in emotional connotation and narrative imposition.
AGENDA-SETTING ANALYSIS ON NOVEMBER 11, 2025 IN THE MAIN NEWS EDITIONS OF SELECTED TV STATIONS
The subject of this study is to present information provided by the main television news outlets in Poland (Polsat, TVN, TV Republika, TVP, TRWAM) and examine their level of politicization and objectivity. The analysis covered material broadcast on November 11, 2025, with particular emphasis on the first ten minutes of the broadcast (in accordance with the agenda-setting theory). The focus was on reports regarding National Independence Day.
ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN TELEVISION NEWS BROADCASTS FROM 11 NOVEMBER 2025
The aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the coverage of the main news programs of five television stations (Polsat, TVN, TV Republika, TVP, and Trwam) on November 11, 2025. The study examined how the media reported on the 107th anniversary of independence, what content they emphasized, and what they omitted. Based on mass communication theory and the concept of agenda setting, it was shown that the media in Poland not only inform, but also shape the meanings and emotions associated with patriotism. The analysis points to the perpetuation of existing political divisions and different ways of interpreting the concept of „independence”.
ANALYSIS OF MEDIA COVERAGE IN MAIN BROADCASTS OF SELECTED TELEVISION STATIONS ON 11 NOVEMBER 2025
This article examines the media coverage presented in the first ten minutes of news broadcasts from the following television stations: TVN, Polsat, Telewizja Republika, TV Trwam and TVP. Particular attention was paid to the content each station deemed most important to highlight on National Independence Day, analysing the hierarchy of topics, the prominent figures featured, and the balance between the historical and political narratives in the first ten minutes of the broadcasts aired on 11 November 2025. The results of the analysis indicate that the stations differ significantly in their approaches to topic selection, levels of neutrality, and rhetorical strategies. In several broadcasts, historical aspects were noticeably marginalised in favour of contemporary political disputes. The conducted study provides a deeper understanding of specific characteristics of Polish television media and their influence on shaping public opinion.
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NINETEENTH-CENTURY MONSTERS AND TYRANNY: FRANKENSTEIN AND DRACULA IN THE CONTEXT OF TIMOTHY SNYDER’S ON TYRANNY
The article examines nineteenth-century Gothic novels – Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula – as sources of reflection on the mechanisms that lead to the rise of tyranny, as described by Timothy Snyder in On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century. By relating the literary characters and their recent film adaptations to the ideas presented in Snyder’s work, the article highlights the parallels between the creation of the monster and the formation of oppressive political systems, as well as between Dracula’s actions and the tendency of societies to remain passive, which enables tyranny to impose its rules. The analysis shows that themes present in classic works of horror – such as dehumanization, manipulation of narrative, and the silence surrounding actions that endanger socjety – remain relevant and continue to serve as warnings in the modern era. The aim of the article is to encourage a critical reading of both fantastic narratives, past events, and today’s political landscape, so that, following Snyder’s advice, we do not repeat the mistakes of previous generations.
A GUIDE TO TRANSLATING HUMOR IN VIDEO GAMES: A CASE STUDY OF UNDERTALE
Humor in video games presents unique localization challenges due to its reliance on timing, multimodal cues, player interaction, and culturally bound language. This article applies a pragmatic approach to humor translation, grounded in Chesterman’s (2016) taxonomy of strategies, to probe the attempted Polish localization of Undertale, a title rich in puns, system-driven jokes, and typographically encoded character voices. A focused case study analyzes emblematic examples such as the reinterpretation of acronyms (LOVE/EXP), UI-timed gags („too many dogs”), and persona-specific orthography (Sans/Temmie). Based on scrutinized analyses, a decision tree for humor translation is proposed, offering a repeatable method for humor-critical content. The findings demonstrate that effect-driven translation (emphasizing timing, pacing, and persona preservation) outperforms literal approaches in maintaining comedic impact. This study contributes an actionable protocol for practitioners and educators, bridging theory and localization workflows.
PRZEJŚCIE DZIECI Z EDUKACJI PRZEDSZKOLNEJ DO SZKOŁY PODSTAWOWEJ ORAZ ODROCZENIA OBOWIĄZKU SZKOLNEGO W REPUBLICE CZESKIEJ: ANALIZA OBECNEJ SYTUACJI
This article focuses on an analysis of the current conditions related to school enrolment and the transition of children from preschool to primary school in the Czech Republic, with particular attention paid to organizational aspects and the assessment of school maturity and readiness. Furthermore, it addresses the issue of postponed school attendance, a currently relevant topic that can be approached in various ways. The methodological section of the article presents a detailed analysis of the trend in school entry postponements based on statistical data from 2023, providing valuable insight into the number of children entering school on time versus those whose attendance has been postponed. The findings confirm a strong demand for preschool education in kindergartens, with individual education being used only minimally. A significant observation, however, is the increasing trend of school entry postponements, as a large number of children remain in preschool for an additional year. A negative factor is that many of these children with postponed attendance are educated in preparatory classes at primary schools, which may have long-term effects on their educational trajectory.
ROLE OF SPORTS PORTALS IN PROMOTING MIXED MARTIAL ARTS (MMA) IN OLSZTYN
The aim of this article is to analyze the role of sports portals in promoting mixed martial arts (MMA) in Olsztyn. Mixed martial arts is one of the fastest developing sports disciplines of the 21st century, and its popularity is significantly shaped by online media. Sports portals currently constitute the main source of information for fans, athletes, and people interested in this sport. The article presents the origins of MMA, the characteristics of the discipline, and the specificity of sports portals as a tool for promotion. The importance of local athletes from Olsztyn in the context of media promotion of MMA is also discussed. The research is based on a content analysis of publications posted on nationwide and specialized sports portals as well as on a review of relevant scientific literature.
CIVIL DEFENSE STRUCTURES AS AN ELEMENT OF NATIONAL SECURITY. CURRENT STATUS IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND POLAND
In this article, which is an excerpt from a bachelor’s thesis, the author attempts to analyze the current state of protective structures in selected European countries, highlighting the diverse approaches to planning and maintaining protective infrastructure based on local political, geographical, and historical conditions. The work demonstrates the importance of protective structures in the context of civil security and the need for their further development and modernization. The author describes the current status of collective protection facilities in light of contemporary threats, which are not exclusively military. These also include various consequences of weather anomalies or unforeseen accidents, such as blackouts (large-scale power outages). Furthermore, terrorist incidents should not be ruled out. The article also presents current issues and challenges faced by selected European countries.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE MILITARY: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS, AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES
Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly significant role in modern military matters, influencing the conduct of operational activities, training, command and control, and information security. The aim of this article is to review key AI technologies used in the defense sector, their current and potential applications, as well as the associated ethical, legal, and strategic challenges. The paper discusses, among others, autonomous weapon systems and the use of AI in intelligence, cyber defense, data analysis, and decision support. Particular attention is focused on issues of accountability, human control over autonomous systems, and the risk of escalation of armed conflicts. The conclusions indicate that although the development of AI in the military is inevitable, its implementation must be closely linked to international regulations, ethical supervision, and respect for international humanitarian law.
THE USE OF DRONES IN SPACE EXPLORATION – POSSIBILITIES AND POTENTIAL DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
This article aims to present a vision and my own observations, as well as potential directions for the development of unmanned space vehicles (UAVs), including increased autonomy through artificial intelligence, the development of propulsion systems enabling faster travel, and the miniaturization of equipment. In the future, UAVs could play a key role in the search for extraterrestrial life, the exploration of deeper spaces, and the preparation of manned missions. Space drones could form the foundation of contemporary and future space exploration, opening up new cognitive and technological possibilities for humanity.
ANALYSIS OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEMS USED IN GLIDERS
Gliding represents the intersection of human ingenuity and the forces of nature. A profound understanding of meteorology, combined with exceptionally efficient glider designs, enables the crossing of vast distances without the use of any fuel. However, the absence of an engine entails certain limitations; consequently, an increasing number of modern gliders are equipped with retractable propulsion systems. These systems facilitate a safe return home when soaring conditions deteriorate and, in some instances, even allow for self-launching capabilities. This paper aims to discuss the various types and applications of glider propulsion systems, while providing a comparison of the solutions currently available on the commercial market.
DISINFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL SPACE AND THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ITS VERIFICATION PROCESS
Nowadays, due to the development of the Internet and social media, disinformation has become a serious problem that can influence people's decisions. The aim of the article is to analyze this phenomenon and present a project of an application that helps users verify content published online. The theoretical part describes the differences between misinformation, disinformation and malinformation, as well as manipulation techniques such as clickbait or cherry picking. The practical part presents a prototype tool that uses the Python language, the spaCy library and Sentence Transformers models. The application automatically analyzes the text, searches for information on the Internet and compares it, which allows for a faster assessment of whether a given article is credible.
„DZIWNY JEST TEN ŚWIAT” – KILKA UWAG NA MARGINESIE WYSTAWY KOLAŻY DR KAROLINY STANIECZEK
Dzięki otwartości i życzliwości dra Henryka Kretka oraz mgra Piotra Muchy, organizatorów IV Seminarium Eunomii „Społeczeństwo obywatelskie w demokracji – bilans – perspektywy – dylematy”, podjęliśmy próbę wkomponowania w wydarzenie również głosu ze świata sztuki. Zwróćmy uwagę, że sztuka również jest językiem! Jest językiem, który rzuca poznawcze światło na nasze ludzkie problemy i dylematy. Sztuka posiada swoje własne, fascynujące metody, by dotrzeć do odbiorców i postawić istotne pytania i by zwrócić uwagę na ważne ludzkie sprawy.
Zapewne nie trzeba przedstawiać autorki eseistycznej książki pt. „Faszyzm. Ostrzeżenie”. Madeleine Albright (1937-2022) urodziła się w rodzinie dyplomaty w przedwojennej Czechosłowacji jako Jana Korbelová. Podczas drugiej wojny światowej Korbelowie przebywali w Wielkiej Brytanii. Wrócili do reaktywowanej Czechosłowacji, ale dla ojca, reprezentującego demokratyczne poglądy, nie było już miejsca w nowej politycznej rzeczywistości, zdominowanej przez komunistów. Pod koniec 1948 roku Jana wyjechała z rodziną do USA i po uzyskaniu tam azylu politycznego została naturalizowaną Amerykanką. Promotorem jej doktoratu był Zbigniew Brzeziński, politolog, mający na swoim koncie wiele dokonań między innymi w dziedzinie dyplomacji i geostrategii. Ukoronowaniem wybitnej kariery politycznej Madeleine Albright było stanowisko sekretarza stanu USA, które objęła (podczas drugiej kadencji prezydenta Billa Clintona) w 1997 roku jako pierwsza kobieta w historii kraju.
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TRANSITION OF CHILDREN FROM A KINDERGARTEN TO PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPARISON OF CONDITIONS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND AND THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC
The aim of the comparative study was to describe and compare the organizational conditions of transition of children from a kindergarten to a primary school in the field of school aptitude assessment, enrolment of children in a primary school, handling of deferred school attendance and education of children with deferred school attendance in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Poland and the Slovak Republic. The comparative study was based on a qualitative content analysis of legislative and curriculum documents, official documents of ministries of education and research publications. The selection of these countries is based on their geographical and historical proximity, similar development of educational systems and at the same time diverse pedagogical approaches in the process of early education. The organisation of the transition of children from a kindergarten to primary school is very similar in the countries studied. This is also due to the common European orientation in inclusive education and comparable economic and political contexts. Differences exist in the age of children with a postponement of compulsory schooling and in the forms of education of these children in a kindergarten and primary school. The process of diagnosing school aptitude is legislated in Poland, while in the Czech Republic and Slovakia it is left to the responsible approach of a kindergarten teachers. On the basis of the pedagogical diagnosis, they can advise the legal representatives on the assessment of the child's school aptitude in the relevant counselling centers. This enables the legal representative to obtain more information about a child's school competence in order to make the best possible decision in the child's best interests. The comparative study is the result of the KEGA project No. 001UMB-4/2025.
CURRICULUM DOCUMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MINORITY LANGUAGE EDUCATION
The present paper explores the similarities and differences in curriculum documentation between the Slovak Republic and Ontario province (Canada) in the context of language teaching and minority ethnic groups, focusing on how these minority ethnic groups are represented. The aim of this study is to identify areas for enhancement in the realm of language education for the Roma minority within the context of the Slovak educational system.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA FOLLOWING THE EASING OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS
Prolonged physical inactivity reduces fitness and increases the risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases. This study aimed to analyze the physical activity of students from universities in Eastern Slovakia after the COVID-19 pandemic using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A total of 253 responses from Pavol Jozef Šafárik University (UPJŠ) and the Technical University of Košice (TUKE) were evaluated, including sedentary time. Significant differences were found in vigorous physical activity (p < 0.05), while no differences were observed in moderate, low, or total activity levels. Students of UPJŠ reported significantly longer sedentary time on weekdays (p < 0.05) and weekends (p < 0.001) compared to TUKE students. The findings underscore the importance of promoting regular physical activity and fostering supportive conditions at universities as a crucial component of a healthy lifestyle in the post-pandemic era.
INNOVATIVE TEACHING MATERIALS FOR SLOVAK AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTEGRATING CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE LANGUAGE EDUCATION
The author deals with the importance of cultural aspects as supporting elements in teaching Slovak as a foreign language. The research focuses on the views and pedagogical practices of Slovak language teachers and volunteers working abroad at various levels of education. The aim was to find out their views, to what extent they consider the cultural environment to be the basis of teaching, and what methods and approaches they use to integrate them into the pedagogical process. The results indicate that the majority of respondents perceive the cultural context as a key factor in motivating students, building their language skills, and deepening intercultural understanding. In this regard, the principles of education for sustainable development play a crucial role in shaping teaching strategies that integrate cultural heritage into language education, fostering long-term linguistic and intercultural competence among Slovaks living abroad. Nevertheless, they also point to certain challenges, such as the lack of appropriate didactic materials or the time-consuming nature of teaching preparation. Author presents the educational material system "Let's play about Slovakia in Slovak" as innovative teaching materials for Slovak as a foreign language (mainly for Slovak living abroad) as outputs of the project financed by The Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic.
FEARS OF LOSING RECOVERED TERRITORIES IN POST-WAR POLISH OPINION JOURNALISM IN THE 1940S
The article examines how the issue of Poland’s western border was addressed in polish opinion journalism after WW2. Domestic and emigration press publications emphasized the threat of German revisionism as well as concerns over the ambiguous stance of the United Kingdom and the United States towards Poland’s territorial gains. Commentators underlined the strategic importance of the Western Territories for Poland’s security and for the balance of power in Europe, stressing also the necessity of their rapid settlement. The analysis shows that both independent domestic press and emigration journalism highlighted the Soviet Union’s role as the sole guarantor of the western border, a narrative later incorporated into the political discourse of the People’s Republic of Poland. From today’s perspective, it becomes evident that this journalistic debate not only reflected contemporary political and economic threats, but also helped shape Poland’s long-term argumentation in the dispute over its western frontier, which was formally settled only in 1990.
INTELLECTUAL EXPERIMENT – A DIALOGUE WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – CHATGPT IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This article presents the practical application of an intellectual experiment. Its use is directly related to the dialogue between a manager and ChatGPT, allowing this parameterized mathematical model (ChatGPT) to be asked a series of questions on a specific topic. The answers obtained expand knowledge, change the perspective of problem perception, and enable the creation of innovations in virtually every area of enterprise, organizational, or institutional functioning. The first part characterizes the intellectual experiment as a mix of a thought experiment, grounded theory, and emergence. It also outlines the place of the intellectual experiment within university education structures. The second part of the article consists of several exemplifications aimed at presenting methods of asking abstract questions and analyzing responses in the context of transcending traditional frameworks of familiar concepts, including those from the field of physics. This approach serves as an active exercise introducing a practical method for generating innovation and innovative solutions. The third part is a report on survey and focus group research conducted among students on the use of ChatGPT in various types of seminars. The final part provides an example of a practical dialogue between a manager and ChatGPT.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF GENDER EQUALITY IN CLINICAL TRIALS
The article examines the legal and ethical aspects of conducting clinical trials, with particular emphasis on gender representation. It highlights that the insufficient participation of women in clinical trials undermines the quality of scientific data, increases the risk of adverse effects, and infringes the constitutional principle of equality in access to healthcare services. Both EU regulations and national provisions are discussed. The article also stresses the need for more precise legal mechanisms to ensure balanced gender representation in clinical trials.
FAMILY ASSIST IN THE CONTEXT OF JUDICIAL OBLIGATION OF COOPERATION
Every child should grow up in a friendly and safe environment. Despite the belief in the primary role of the biological family, many children are placed in foster care every year by court order. The main reason for the restrictions on parental authority is the parents' inability to provide care and education. For most minors, moving to their foster parents is a very difficult and traumatic experience. They find it hard to come to terms with the loss, they feel anxiety and fear. They do not understand what happened; why they can no longer be with their parents and why someone suddenly tells them to live with their "aunt and uncle". This causes a number of destructive behaviors (for themselves and their environment), which foster families have to deal with. Accepting a minor into their home is another challenge that foster parents must cope with. In addition, foster care should provide a child with heterogeneous disorders with a sense of stability and security, take care of their development in all areas and build or maintain a bond with their biological family. Unfortunately, sometimes the state of deprivation of standards and needs, acquired from the family home, prevents the foster family from taking compensatory or corrective actions.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL AWARENESS – A STUDY OF GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO SOCIAL EDUCATION
This article aims to analyze the level of public awareness regarding sustainable development across various age groups and to identify barriers to accessing information and environmental education. Based on original research and data from reports (CBOS, ESG Monitor, IPSOS), it presents the diversity of knowledge and engagement in environmental issues among young people, adults, and seniors. Particular attention is given to informational exclusion, which mainly affects older and less educated individuals. The article emphasizes the need for individualized approaches to environmental education and the development of more effective communication strategies tailored to different social groups. Issues such as misinformation, weaknesses in the education system, and the importance of reliable public communication in the face of global environmental threats are also discussed.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT BOARDCAST ON THE 15TG ANNIVERSARY OF SMOLENSK AIR DISASTER IN THE MAIN EDITIONS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TELEVISION STATIONS
The paper compares the media coverage of the 15th anniversary of the Smolensk plane crash in the main news programs of five Polish TV stations: TVP1, TVN, Polsat, TV Trwam, and TV Republika. It highlights differences in narrative tone, topic selection, political commentary, and emotional framing. The analysis illustrates the diversity of editorial perspectives and the media’s influence on public perception of historical events.
ANALYSIS OF AGENDA-SETTING ON THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SMOLEŃSK AIR DISASTER IN MAIN NEWS BROADCASTS OF SELECTED TELEVISION STATIONS
The article analyzes the main news broadcasts of selected television stations such as: POLSAT, TVN, TV Republika, TVP and TRWAM. The Focus was on agendasetting analysis, specifically the first 10 minutes of news content presented by the aforementioned stations. Particular attetion was given to coverage related to the 15th anniversary of Smoleńsk air disaster, which was on April 10 2010. Additionaly, the article discusses topics concerning the upcoming presidential debate, which was widely covered in the analyzed broadcasts. The main aim was to present the differences in how informations was conveyed by various media outlets.